Before the disposal of waste water or sewage in river streams or on land, sewage treatment is required to make it safe. Waste water can be defined as any water or liquid that contains impurities or pollutants in the form of solid, liquid or gases or their combination in such…
Water from streams and dams is not pumped directly to the basins. There are some intermediate processes, through which the water is passed and treated and called pre-treatment of water. 1. Screening 2. Microstainer 3. Raw water storage 4. Pre-chlorination 5. Aeration 6. Algal Control 7. Preliminary settling All of…
Chain Surveying is the method of surveying of land where only linear measurements are required and no angular measurements are taken. Chain Surveying is the simplest method of surveying and only used for small ground areas with simple details. It consists of measuring the lengths of the lines marked on…
Resource Allocation means finding out which resource is required for which activity at what time. Resource is a physical or non-physical variable required for the completion of the project which includes time, space, material, machinery and manpower. Due to limited resource or limited project duration, it is required to allocate…
Contour are the lines joining the points of equal elevation on the surface of the earth or we can say that, contour is a line in which the ground surface is intersected by a level surface obtained by joining points of equal elevation. Contour Map – The map on which…
Population forecasting is very much important to decide the path of growth for a society. If future population is known then it’s easy to design anything as future population. Population of any community depends upon: Growth rate, Death Rate, Migration Rate There are various population forecasting methods. Some methods are…
Rainfall is expressed in terms of depth to which water would stand on an area if all rainwater was too collected on it and it is measured by Raingauges. If 1 cm rainfall occurs over an area of 1 km2, then it represents that the volume of water over that…
Fly ash or Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA) is the residue from the combustion of pulverized coal collected by mechanical or electrostatic separators from the fuel gases or power plants. It constitutes about 75% of the total ash produced. Fly ash was first used in large scale in the construction of…
The chemical reaction that takes place between cement and water is referred as hydration of cement. The reaction takes place between the active components of cement (C2S, C3S, C3A and C4AF) and water. The factors responsible for the physical properties of concrete are the extent of hydration of cement and…
Surveying is defined as an art to determine the relative position of points on, above or beneath the surface of the earth with respect to each other by measurement of horizontal and vertical distances, angles and directions. Objective of Surveying To determine the dimensions and contours of any part of…